Markets emerge in recent historical research as important spheres of economic interaction in ancient societies. In the case of ancient Egypt, traditional models imagined an all-encompassing centralized, bureaucratic economy that left practically no place for market transactions, as many surviving documents only described the activities of the royal palace and of huge institutions, mainly temples. Yet scattered references in the sources reveal that markets and traders were crucial actors in the economic life of ancient Egypt. In this perspective, this volume aims to discuss the role of markets, traders and economic interaction (not necessarily organized through markets) and the use of "money" (metals, valuable commodities) in pre-modern societies, based on archaeological, anthropological and historical evidence. Furthermore, it intends to integrate different perspectives about the social organization of transactions and exchanges and the different forms taken by markets, from meeting places where exchanges operated under ritualized procedures and conventions, to markets in which profit-seeking activities were marginal in respect with other practices that stressed, on the contrary, community collaboration. The book also deals with social forms of pre-modern exchanges in which trust and ethnic solidarity guaranteed the validity of commercial operations in the absence of formal codes of laws or accepted authorities over long distances (trade diasporas, guilds, etc.). Finally, the volume analyzes a critical aspect of small-scale trade and markets, such as the commercialization of agricultural household production and its impact on the peasant economic strategies. In all, the book covers a diversity of topics in which recent research in the fields of economic sociology, archaeology, anthropology, economics and history proves invaluable in order to analyze the role of Egyptian trade in a broader perspective, as well as to suggest new venues of comparative research, theoretical reflection and dialogue between Egyptology and social sciences.
Preface by Gianluca Miniaci and Juan Carlos Moreno García
1. Markets and transactions in pre-modern societies
Juan Carlos Moreno García
2. A key commodity: The role of cowries in West Africa
Anne Haour
3. Marketplaces and market exchanges in the pre-colonial Americas
Gary M. Feinman and Linda M. Nicholas
4. The enchanting scale: Magic and morality in the Bronze Age economic balance
Chris Monroe
5. Markets, efflorescence, and political economy in the Ancient Mediterranean and the Ancient Near East
Reinhard Pirngruber
6. Peasants, rural economy, and cash crops in medieval Islam
Bethany J. Walker
7. Markets in the shadows, trade diasporas, and self-organizing trading/smuggling networks
John B. Owens
8. Market performance in the grain market of late medieval Western Europe (c. 1300–1650)
Bas van Leeuwen and Robin C.M. Philips
9. Two tales of pre-modern contraction: Wage differentials in late medieval and early modern Japan
Osamu Saito
10. Markets, transactions, and ancient Egypt: New venues for research in a comparative perspective
Juan Carlos Moreno García
Juan Carlos Moreno García (PhD in Egyptology, 1995) is a CNRS senior researcher at the University of Paris IV-Sorbonne, as well as lecturer on social and economic history of ancient Egypt at the École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE) in Paris. He has published extensively on the administration, socio-economic history, and landscape organisation of ancient Egypt, usually in a comparative perspective with other civilisations of the ancient world, and has organised several conferences on these topics.
